With the new era of quantum computing, this book serves as a stepping stone to quantum cryptography, finding useful connections between current cryptographic concepts and quantum related topics. What You Will Learn Know when to enlist cryptography, and how it is often misunderstood and misused Explore modern cryptography algorithms, practices, and properties Design and implement usable, advanced cryptographic methods and mechanisms Understand how new features in C and.
NET impact the future of cryptographic algorithms Use the cryptographic model, services, and System. Cryptography namespace in. NET Modernize your cryptanalyst mindset by exploiting the performance of C and. NET with its weak cryptographic algorithms Practice the basics of public key cryptography, including ECDSA signatures Discover how most algorithms can be broken Who This Book Is For Information security experts, cryptologists, software engineers, developers, data scientists, and academia who have experience with C ,.
Because this book is for an intermediate to advanced audience, readers should also possess an understanding of cryptography symmetric and asymmetric concepts. You will find the right methods of writing advanced cryptographic algorithms such as, elliptic curve cryptography algorithms, lattice-based cryptography, searchable encryption, and homomorphic encryption , examine internal cryptographic mechanisms, and discover common ways in which the algorithms could be implemented and used correctly in practice.
The authors avoid the complexities of the mathematical background by explaining its mathematical basis in terms that a programmer can easily understand.
They do so by showing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages based on processing time, execution time, and reliability. They show how "bad" cryptography creeps in during implementation and what "good" cryptography should look like.
Each chapter of this book starts with an introduction to the concepts on which cryptographic algorithms are based and how they are used in practice, providing fully working examples for each of the algorithms presented. Implementation sections will guide you through the entire process of writing your own applications and programs using MATLAB. Cryptography and Cryptanalysis in MATLAB will serve as your definitive go-to cryptography reference, whether you are a student, professional developer, or researcher, showing how a multitude of cryptographic challenges can be overcome using the powerful tools of MATLAB.
Other more current applications are more complex and involved, such as those used to protect credit card information, e-mail, and other similar types of information. As with the Egyptians, one of the most widely used applications of cryptography is in the safeguarding of communications between two parties wanting to share information. Guaranteeing that information is kept secret is one thing, but in the modern world it is only part of the equation. In the days of Julius Caesar and the Spartans, keeping information secret was not as challenging a task as it is today and in fact was substantially difficult.
Later forms of encryption required that elaborate systems of management and security be implemented in order to safeguard information. Is the body of knowledge relating to cryptography only concerned with protecting information? Well, for the first few generations of its existence the answer was yes, but that has changed with the knowledge being used in systems such as those for authenticating individuals and validating that someone who sent a message or initiated an action is indeed the right party.
The knowledge contained in the field has even made some of the everyday technologies you use possible. In fact, one area that owes its existence to cryptography is e-commerce. The practice has reaped tremendous benefits from the field, allowing for the secure exchange of financial information as well as preventing exposure of and authenticating access to that information.
In fact, the case could be made that e-commerce would not exist in anything resembling its current form without the backing of cryptographic science. Now you may be tempted to think of cryptography as operating strictly within the domain of computing, but this is simply not true.
It is used in many other areas very different from what the Egyptians, Greeks, and others had ever even thought of. One area that has benefited tremendously is that of cell phones and mobile technologies. The evolution and advancement of cryptographic science and its processes in these fields has led to a number of threats being thwarted, such as the cloning of devices and the decrease of identity theft.
Specific to cloning, mobile technology has implemented increasingly advanced cryptographic measures to prevent malicious duplication of a device, the potential for running up thousands of dollars in fraudulent charges, and eavesdropping on another party. There exists the possibility for this knowledge to be applied in any one or more of five areas, including those relating to confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and key distribution.
Each of these benefits is something that must be understood to put the tools and techniques in their proper context. Authentication has become commonplace in many of our normal, daily activities. Consider the information used to authenticate and validate a credential such as an ATM card or a computer login at work.
Our PINs and passwords must be kept absolutely secret and protected to prevent inadvertent disclosure to unauthorized parties. Non-repudiation, simply stated, is the ability to have positive proof that a particular party or entity is the one who originated an action. For example, in many corporate environments the application of a digital signature to e-mail is used as a potent means of asserting that a certain party transmitted the message.
With this mechanism in place, it is possible now to have strong accountability for every action within an organization, allowing for the tracing of actions back to whomever initiated them. Non-repudiation should also, in theory, eliminate or substantially cut down on what is known as spoofing impersonating another party if the system is kept secure. Arguably one of the most valuable components of a cryptosystem is the key, which represents the specific combination or code used to encrypt or decrypt data.
Chapter 2 History of Cryptography 33 Consider this example: If an individual is required in their work environment to set a character complex password, but then writes that password on a sticky note and places it on the lid of their laptop, the system is compromised no matter how strong the password may be otherwise.
History of Cryptography While cryptography may seem like a new technology to many, it is in fact much longer lived than many realize. Cryptography has been around for a long time and has a rich and interesting history that goes back at least 4, years, if not more. Cryptography is more than likely one of the oldest bodies of knowledge that we can find evidence of. In fact, it is this veil of mystery that led the science to be considered a black art and, by some, a way to communicate with spirits or the devil itself.
For many of you, it is possible that the first time you saw an encrypted message was when you set eyes on Egyptian hieroglyphics. This intricate and complex system of writing was used for religious and spiritual purposes. In fact, it is believed that only members of the royal family and members of the religious orders could fully understand how to read and write the complex designs although this has not been proven either way.
The knowledge needed to read and write this beautiful and complex system was so restricted that when the last person capable of writing it died, over a thousand years ago, the knowledge was lost until a French soldier unwittingly uncovered the key to deciphering hieroglyphics in Figure shows an example of hieroglyphics in an Egyptian tomb.
The pictures served as a way to illustrate the story of the life of the deceased and proclaimed the great acts of their lives. It seems that the writing was intended by its designers to be purposefully cryptic; however, they did not intend to hide the text. To researchers now it seems that the writing system was designed to provide an additional sense of importance or regal appearance.
As time went by, the developed writings became ever more complicated, and eventually the public turned to other pursuits and lost interest in deciphering them. The common belief at the time was that the ancient culture held secrets both scientific and mystical that were encoded in the language represented by these strange writings.
Confusion about decoding them was abound, with the prevailing wisdom being that the glyphs represented actual ideas as opposed to sounds as in other languages.
The symbols, despite the work of scholars, stubbornly held onto their secrets for many more years, much as they had for a thousand years and more before. The missing piece to understanding hieroglyphics turned out to be the famous Rosetta Stone. This stone was discovered by a soldier in the French Army in The stone was eventually transferred to English control after they defeated the French Army in Egypt. The language could be read once again, and the world could enjoy the culture that had been lost.
The Rosetta Stone went on to become a household name, even today, with the stone itself having a home in the British Museum. Figure shows the Rosetta Stone. Although this may be a bit of a stretch, it is not hard to see how anyone looking at a cave painting would assume that only the ones who drew them knew the meaning behind them. Because it is likely that only members of a tribe or clan would be the ones in the know, all outsiders would be barred from gathering any knowledge because they would not know how to read them.
The glyphs were drawn by the inhabitants of the Valley one thousand to two thousand years ago, and now their meanings are lost. Looking at these glyphs, I could only wonder what the ancient people were saying and whether there is a key someplace that would unlock the meanings of the pictures.
Of course, not all encryption techniques were meant to hide secrets relating to life, death, or military information. Others were meant to hide more taboo pieces of information, such as those that were sexual in nature.
Although the text is known as containing a lot of information relating to the erotic arts, there is other information contained in the text that recommends how to live a life with a family and other aspects of love. Past all this information is a section on what is known as the mlecchita-vikalpa, or the art of secret writing, which was put forth to assist women in the concealment of the details of their liaisons.
One of the techniques, in fact, involves a process that has come to be known as a substitution cipher, which is still in common usage today. Another ancient civilization that was excellent at hiding information in creative and unique ways comes from China. The Chinese were known to use the unique nature of their language to obscure and transform the meaning of messages for those not intended to see them.
Such transformation of messages through language could easily hide the meaning of a message to those not privy as to its true meaning, thus keeping privacy intact. However, although the practice of transforming the content of messages was known to the Chinese, it never saw widespread use, and evidence indicates that it never saw major use outside of private purposes. In fact, although it may seem logical that leaders such as Genghis Khan would have used such techniques during their conquests, no evidence has ever shown this to be the case.
Why use cryptography when you have a fast moving army that can descend upon a city quickly? Other civilizations such as India made use of cryptography and did so more than the Chinese people did at the same time in history. In India, it was known that the government at various times used special codes and ciphers to communicate with their spies who were part of their early intelligence network.
Although the codes were simplistic compared to those in use today for the same purpose, they were very effective at concealing the meaning of messages from outsiders. Note It is fascinating to note that the early Indian ciphers consisted largely of what are now known as simple substitutions based on phonetics. Another one of the more well-known encryption techniques from the ancient world comes by way of the Mesopotamians. Much like in Egypt of old, this culture used specialized symbols known as cuneiform to convey information, and after this knowledge was lost, the writings stood as an enigma to travelers in the Middle East.
Complicating the deciphering of the language was the lack of a key which meant incorrect assumptions were being made. In the case of cuneiform, the deciphering process was simpler than that of the earlier example involving the Egyptians, but it still took some time.
Potentially complicating the picture even more was that the writing technique was around for so long. For the many centuries the script was in use, it evolved dramatically, meaning that the symbology changed and reflected different meanings in some cases. Figure shows an example of cuneiform writing. This cipher was simple in design and concept, but in implementation it was straightforward compared with later ciphers.
Once this was done, the letters were substituted accordingly. The Bible Code is purported to be the way the creators of the Bible hid messages and prophecy within the work. Whether or not this is the actual case is still the source of some debate, but the idea is intriguing, to say the least. One of my personal favorites comes from the Spartans and Scytale rhymes with Italy. This method is markedly different and unique among all the methods mentioned so far.
It approaches the problem of how to encrypt by replacing an algorithm with a wooden dowel. Next, the sender would take a strip of leather or parchment and wrap it around their dowel and inscribed the message in several lines across the parchment, rotating the dowel as each line was completed. After the message was inscribed, the parchment was unwrapped and sent to the intended recipient, who would wrap the parchment around their dowel, which is of the same diameter, and read the message.
This method of encoding messages, although simple, was popular in a handful of ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and in particular the Spartans, who used it to transmit messages on the battlefield.
Figure shows a diagram of Scytale. Another personal favorite, and one we will revisit later, is the Caesar Cipher, which is a simple-but-effective process that has been around for over years. Julius Caesar used this process to encrypt or encode his messages to his commanders in the field for the same reason the military today does—to keep sensitive information private.
Although the cipher is simple, it is still in use today, and in fact is the one that most school children would be familiar with because it has appeared in countless puzzle game books and cereal boxes over the years.
Simply put, the process Caesar used shifted each letter three places further in the alphabet for instance, Y becomes B, and R shifts to U. Although the process could use any shift amount, Caesar settled on a shift of three spaces.
Although simple, it was effective at keeping secrets at the time because anyone encountering the message would most likely assume it was in a foreign language—if they could read at all. Much like before, and definitely like the times that came after, cryptography was mainly focused on protecting the secrets of diplomats and military types. During this time period, the first truly new ciphers came from Italy, specifically Venice, where a new organization was created in to deal with the issues involving cryptography.
One figure who emerged from this time period is Leon Battista Alberti, who later became known as the Father of Western Cryptology. Alberti was responsible for the development of a technique known as polyalphabetic substitution. This technique is still widely utilized by many modern-day processes and mechanisms. Essentially, this process relies on substituting different characters for the same unencrypted symbol. This LINGO technique came into being after Alberti Leon Battista Alberti is known as a reviewed how other existing ciphers polymath, or an expert in many were compromised or broken and then fields.
The initial mechanism as designed was simple, being nothing more than two copper disks with the entire alphabet written upon each of them. To encrypt a message, the encrypting party chose a letter on the outer ring and lined it up with the inner ring.
The outer ring represented the letters in the unencrypted message, and the inner the encrypted message. By matching up the unencrypted letters with the ones on the inner ring, one could quickly translate a message into another form that was unreadable without knowing the settings used.
Making the process even more complicated is the fact that the settings were redone after every so many letters in order to make the mechanism that much more robust. Because the settings were changed every few words, the cipher changed enough to blunt the overall effectiveness of known code-breaking methods.
Even though this technique, when explained, seems very weak, at the time it was considered to be very strong. Also, the idea of rotating the disks to change the process every so often was a major step in the field of cryptography, one that is also still used today albeit in a different form. Trithemius was responsible for authoring a series of books that came to be known as Polygraphia.
At the time, the books were viewed by some to be heretical and related to the occult due to their extensive use of tables and codes. The process worked like so: To encode and convert a message, each letter of the plaintext in the first row of the table is swapped with the letter in the same position in the second row, with the same process being repeated for the each letter within the message. The result of this process is a message where each letter is replaced at least once before a letter is reused.
Note Much like other ciphers in use, the Trithemius technique was improved by later followers, such as Giovan Belaso in The technique that Belaso introduced used whole phrases to encrypt plaintext instead of a single letter.
This technique will be visited more later, but I wanted to mention it now just to put it into context. Each alphabet is the same, except each one is shifted by one letter. Essentially, each row is a representation of the Caesar cipher and represents a shift of some given number, with row number 1 representing a shift of 1, row number 2 representing a cipher alphabet with a shift of 2, and so on.
To use this method, a different row is used to encrypt each letter in a message. In other words, the sender of the message would encrypt their message, with each letter being encrypted by a different row.
In order to decode the message, the recipient must be aware of which row of the matrix was used to encrypt each letter. In turn, there must be a way to agree how the switch between rows will occur. This agreement is achieved via the selection of a keyword. The evolutionary leap this represented was huge because it rendered the many forms of frequency analysis moot.
The coded message was authored by a Confederate commander outside Vicksburg the day the city fell to Union forces. The message offered no hope to the Confederate officer, one Lt. John C Pemberton. It clearly and unambiguously stated that reinforcements would not be arriving. The message was a short six lines and was dated July 4, , which also was the day the General surrendered to future U.
The surrender represented a major turning point in the war in the favor of the Union. The glass vial sat alone and undisturbed in a museum dedicated to the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia until experts were able to recover the message and decrypt it. Inform me also and I will endeavor to make a diversion.
I have sent some caps explosive devices. I subjoin a despatch from General Johnston. Poor Mary, who was eventually executed in on the orders of her cousin Queen Elizabeth I of England, used cryptography in the events leading up to her eventual demise. Prior to her execution, Mary had thrown herself upon the mercy of the Queen after she had been coerced to give up the Scottish thrown to her infant son James in Following the abdication, an inquiry had determined that she had colluded with her third husband, the Earl of Bothwell, to murder her second husband, Lord Darnley.
In the years between and , a handful of plots were put forth to free the Catholic Mary and place her on the throne, supplanting Protestant Elizabeth. Mary was able to communicate with her network of allies by smuggling encrypted messages in and out Chartley within casks of ale. The messages were kept secret, or so Mary thought, through use of an encryption mechanism that relied on substitution.
Well, unbeknownst to Mary, the courier who carried the messages back and forth, Gilbert Gifford, was a double-agent who worked for Elizabeth—specifically, for Sir Francis Walsingham. Sir Walsingham, the head of intelligence at the time, had the messages intercepted and monitored in an effort to gain evidence, which was about to pay off.
Phelippes was a master of his code-breaking craft and was fluent in six languages. He was able to see clues to break many a code. In this particular case, a method known as frequency analysis was used to look for patterns that could reveal the underlying message. To make things even more interesting, the messages were not only broken, but they were altered. In an effort to root out all the conspirators in one swift stroke, Phelippes added a postscript to the message asking Babington to provide the names of others involved in the plot.
With this resulting reply in hand from Babington to Mary, the conspirators were rounded up and their heads made an untimely separation from their bodies. Despite her denials, the evidence was too much, as Mary was done. Mary lost her head, and the case was closed on the tale. The succession was the result of Elizabeth never having a child of her own to take the throne.
Interestingly enough, James himself was the target of a famous assassination plot known as the Gunpowder Plot, involving the famous conspirator Guy Fawkes.
This entity was commonplace throughout Europe during the s forward, but what did it do? Simply put, the Black Chambers were put in place to investigate and break codes as their primary responsibility. Many of these organizations were in place all over Europe, with one of the most famous in Vienna. In fact, this particular Black Chamber was so well organized and thought out that it was reportedly able to intercept mail destined for foreign embassies and then copy, alter, and reseal the contents before sending them back to the post office later the same morning.
The English had their own code breakers and had numerous victories in the field. They were known at times to decrypt and process over letters a day—amazing considering that no computers were used.
The original 13 colonies were also involved in the code-breaking game, but without the centralized mechanisms that were present in Europe. Significantly, the colonies had a major code-breaking coup early in the war when a coded message from Dr. Benjamin Church was intercepted. It was suspected of being a message sent to the British, but without it being deciphered, this could not be confirmed.
Solving the code was a somewhat unlikely and little remembered individual by the name of Elbridge Gerry. Gerry provided the skills necessary to break the code and show that Church had tried to work with the Tories, a crime he was later exiled for. Additionally, the Colonists employed their own code during the war as well.
General George Washington was supplied with a tremendous amount of information about British forces around New York City. Additionally, the Continental Army utilized a process known as steganography in the form of invisible ink to conceal messages even more. Note Elbridge Gerry was better known for being the vice president of the United States under the fourth president James Madison.
In early American history, several fascinating tales came as the result of code breaking and similar techniques, all worthy of the best spy novels. His work led to the breaking of many ciphers, including many that led to victories for the colonies. In particular, one of the most important messages that was broken actually set the stage for the final showdown in the Revolutionary War. Two men, Aaron Burr and James Wilkinson, along with cryptography, found themselves at the center of another storm.
As the two men explored the Southwest for the United States, confusion as to whether the ambitious Burr was doing it for the U. This letter later found its way into the hands of President Thomas Jefferson, which led to Burr being tried and acquitted, but with his name tainted nonetheless.
Speaking of Jefferson, he had something to say about cryptography himself. In fact, Jefferson invented a system known informally as the Wheel Cipher, but he never used it much himself in practice.
However, the system was successfully used by the U. Navy for several years. The system itself consisted of a set of wheels, each with random orderings of the letters of the alphabet. The system was used by reordering how the wheels are placed on an axle. The message was encoded by aligning the letters along the rotational axis of the axle, such that the desired message is formed. Without knowing the orderings of symbols on the wheels and the ordering of wheels on the axle, any plaintext of the appropriate length is possible, and thus the system is quite secure for one time use.
In , another interesting footnote to the story of cryptography occurred—the phasing out of a system known as the Great Cipher, which was at one time used by King Louis XIV of France. When it was pulled out of service, it immediately led to thousands of diplomatic messages becoming unreadable. Also, interestingly enough, it also had a part to play in one of the more well known stories of all time.
However, about 50 years later, in , something changed the landscape: the invention of the telegraph. To secure the transmissions and make the system safer for its users, special ciphers were needed. In fact, the invention of the telegraph system was the first time in history that the commander of an army could be in near instantaneous contact with troops and commanders in the field. All good things must come to an end, though, as some of the older ciphers started showing their age and were routinely broken.
When the Confederacy decided to encrypt messages, they relied on this system, which led to a tremendous amount of messages being broken by the Union. General Grant commented that at one point the Union had gotten enough intelligence from the decrypted messages that it may very well have shortened the war.
In , things got even more serious when a way to break some of the more common mechanisms of the day was discovered. Cryptanalysts discovered relatively simple and repeatable methods that could analyze many of the popular ciphers of that day and break them.
The fact that a method could be used to break the main type of ciphers in use meant new types would have to be developed if secrets were to be kept intact and safe. Chapter 2 History of Cryptography 47 Modern Cryptography As the world became more complex and mechanical methods—and later computerized and digital methods—were brought into play, new cryptographic systems needed to be developed and researched.
The older methods would not stand on their own and, as such, needed to be either upgraded, complimented, or replaced with methods more suitable and durable for the modern world. Prior to the twentieth century, cryptography was mainly focused on the patterns formed from linguistic and other similar based systems.
However, from the beginning of the twentieth century forward, the situation changed with newer systems introducing number theory, algorithms, algebra, and other high-end mathematics that had not existed in the systems before. As processing power increased, so did other technologies that indirectly drove the need for increased strength and complexity in ciphers.
Just as the earlier invention of the telegraph drove the need for improved ciphers and management, so did later inventions such as the radio and, later still, the digital age and the Internet. With radio the need for privacy was even great than before. In the telegraph there was some degree of security due to the transmissions being sent over a long cable, but in the radio age waves could go anywhere and be intercepted without restriction.
Modern communication techniques, using computers connected through networks, make all data even more vulnerable for these threats. Also, new issues have come up that were not relevant before, e. Cryptology addresses the above issues. It is at the foundation of all information security. The techniques employed to this end have become increasingly mathematical of nature. This book serves as an introduction to modern cryptographic methods. After a brief survey of classical cryptosystems, it concentrates on three main areas.
First of all, stream ciphers and block ciphers are discussed. These systems have extremely fast implementations, but sender and receiver have to share a secret key. Public key cryptosystems the second main area make it possible to protect data without a prearranged key. Their security is based on intractable mathematical problems, like the factorization of large numbers. The remaining chapters cover a variety of topics, such as zero-knowledge proofs, secret sharing schemes and authentication codes.
Two appendices explain all mathematical prerequisites in great detail. One is on elementary number theory Euclid's Algorithm, the Chinese Remainder Theorem, quadratic residues, inversion formulas, and continued fractions. The other appendix gives a thorough introduction to finite fields and their algebraic structure. The book is designed to be accessible to motivated IT professionals who want to learn more about the specific attacks covered.
In particular, every effort has been made to keep the chapters independent, so if someone is interested in has function cryptanalysis or RSA timing attacks, they do not necessarily need to study all of the previous material in the text.
This would be particularly valuable to working professionals who might want to use the book as a way to quickly gain some depth on one specific topic. Block ciphers encrypt blocks of plaintext, messages, into blocks of ciphertext under the action of a secret key, and the process of encryption is reversed by decryption which uses the same user-supplied key.
Block ciphers are fundamental to modern cryptography, in fact they are the most widely used cryptographic primitive — useful in their own right, and in the construction of other cryptographic mechanisms.
In this book the authors provide a technically detailed, yet readable, account of the state of the art of block cipher analysis, design, and deployment.
The authors first describe the most prominent block ciphers and give insights into their design. They then consider the role of the cryptanalyst, the adversary, and provide an overview of some of the most important cryptanalytic methods. The book will be of value to graduate and senior undergraduate students of cryptography and to professionals engaged in cryptographic design.
An important feature of the presentation is the authors' exhaustive bibliography of the field, each chapter closing with comprehensive supporting notes. Now the most used texbook for introductory cryptography courses in both mathematics and computer science, the Third Edition builds upon previous editions by offering several new sections, topics, and exercises.
The authors present the core principles of modern cryptography, with emphasis on formal definitions, rigorous proofs of security. Illustrating the power of algorithms, Algorithmic Cryptanalysis describes algorithmic methods with cryptographically relevant examples. Focusing on both private- and public-key cryptographic algorithms, it presents each algorithm either as a textual description, in pseudo-code, or in a C code program. Divided into three parts, the book begins with a short introduction to cryptography and a background chapter on elementary number theory and algebra.
It then moves on to algorithms, with each chapter in this section dedicated to a single topic and often illustrated with simple cryptographic applications. The final part addresses more sophisticated cryptographic applications, including LFSR-based stream ciphers and index calculus methods. Accounting for the impact of current computer architectures, this book explores the algorithmic and implementation aspects of cryptanalysis methods.
It can serve as a handbook of algorithmic methods for cryptographers as well as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses on cryptanalysis and cryptography. Gain the skills and knowledge needed to create effective data security systems This book updates readers with all the tools, techniques, and concepts needed to understand and implement data security systems.
It presents a wide range of topics for a thorough understanding of the factors that affect the efficiency of secrecy, authentication, and digital signature schema.
Most importantly, readers gain hands-on experience in cryptanalysis and learn how to create effective cryptographic systems. The author contributed to the design and analysis of the Data Encryption Standard DES , a widely used symmetric-key encryption algorithm.
His recommendations are based on firsthand experience of what does and does not work. Thorough in its coverage, the book starts with a discussion of the history of cryptography, including a description of the basic encryption systems and many of the cipher systems used in the twentieth century.
The author then discusses the theory of symmetric- and public-key cryptography. Readers not only discover what cryptography can do to protect sensitive data, but also learn the practical limitations of the technology. The book ends with two chapters that explore a wide range of cryptography applications. Three basic types of chapters are featured to facilitate learning: Chapters that develop technical skills Chapters that describe a cryptosystem and present a method of analysis Chapters that describe a cryptosystem, present a method of analysis, and provide problems to test your grasp of the material and your ability to implement practical solutions With consumers becoming increasingly wary of identity theft and companies struggling to develop safe, secure systems, this book is essential reading for professionals in e-commerce and information technology.
Written by a professor who teaches cryptography, it is also ideal for students. In today's extensively wired world, cryptology is vital for guarding communication channels, databases, and software from intruders.
Start your free trial. Book description Security Smarts for the Self-Guided IT Professional This complete, practical resource for security and IT professionals presents the underpinnings of cryptography and features examples of how security is improved industry-wide by encryption techniques. Table of contents Product information.
0コメント